International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery

Register      Login

VOLUME 8 , ISSUE 3 ( July-September, 2017 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Reconstruction of Oromandibular Defects by Vascularized Free Flaps: The Radial Forearm Free Flap and Fibular Free Flap as Major Donor Sites

Virani J Shamsuddin, Sanjeev Patni, Shashikant Saini, Kamal K Lakhera, Gurdyal S Kalra

Keywords : Fibular free flap, Free flaps, Oral cancer, Oromandibular defects, Plastic reconstruction, Radial forearm free flap

Citation Information : Shamsuddin VJ, Patni S, Saini S, Lakhera KK, Kalra GS. Reconstruction of Oromandibular Defects by Vascularized Free Flaps: The Radial Forearm Free Flap and Fibular Free Flap as Major Donor Sites. Int J Head Neck Surg 2017; 8 (3):98-101.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10001-1314

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 01-09-2018

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2017; The Author(s).


Abstract

Restoration of good morphology and function are primary goals in the reconstruction of oral cavity defects. Several free flaps have been used in the reconstruction of bone and soft tissue defects in the oral cavity. We are reporting our experience in oromandibular defect reconstruction using radial forearm free flap (RFFF) and vascularized fibular free flap (VFFF). Of 228 total patients who had free flap reconstruction, 106 patients required reconstruction of oral soft tissue with an RFFF, and 122 patients required reconstruction of mandibular defects with a VFFF. Predictable results in terms of function and esthetics with minor donor site complications can be expected with the use of RFFF and VFFF for defects of the oral cavity.


PDF Share
  1. Yang GF, Chen PJ, Gao YZ, Liu XY, Li J, Jiang SX, He SP. Forearm free skin flap transplantation: a report of 56 cases,1981. Br J Plast Surg 1997 Apr;50(3):162-165.
  2. Soutar DS, McGregor IA. The radial forearm flap in intraoral reconstruction: experience of 60 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 1986 Jul;78(1):1-8.
  3. Muñoz-Guerra MF, Gías LN, Rodríguez-Campo FJ, Díaz González FJ. Vascularized free fibular flap for mandibular reconstruction: a report of 26 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001 Feb;59(2):140-144.
  4. Wang Z, Sano K, Inokuchi T, Li J, Lan X, Sekine J, Ikeda H. The free deltoid flap: Microscopic anatomy studies and clinical application to oral cavity reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003 Aug;112(2):404-411.
  5. Bidros RS, Metzinger SE, Guerra AB. The thoracodorsal artery perforator-scapular osteocutaneous (TDAP-SOC) flap for reconstruction of palatal and maxillary defects. Ann Plast Surg 2005 Jan;54(1):59-65.
  6. Sanger JR, Ye Z, Yousif NJ, Matloub HS. The brachioradialis forearm flap: anatomy and clinical application. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994 Oct;94(5):667-674.
  7. Wenig BL. The lateral arm free flap for head and neck reconstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993 Jul;109(1):116-119.
  8. Moscoso JF, Urken ML. The iliac crest composite flap for oromandibular reconstruction. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1994 Dec;27(6):1097-1117.
  9. Butler CE, Lewin JS. Reconstruction of large composite oromandibulomaxillary defects with free vertical rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004 Feb;113(2):499-507.
  10. Song YG, Chen GZ, Song YL. The free thigh flap: a new free flap concept based on the septocutaneous artery. Br J Plast Surg 1984 Apr;37(2):149-159.
  11. Soutar DS, Scheker LR, Tanner NSB, McGregor IA. The radial forearm flap: a versatile method for intra-oral reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 1983 Jan;36(1):1-8.
  12. Serafin D, Villareal-Ríos A, Georgiade NG. A rib-containing free flap to reconstruct mandibular defects. Br J Plast Surg 1977 Oct;30(4):263-266.
  13. Taylor GI. Reconstruction of the mandible with free composite iliac bone grafts. Ann Plast Surg 1982 Nov;9(5):361-376.
  14. Schwartz WM, Banis J, Newton E, Ramasastry SS, Jones NF, Acland R. The osteocutaneous scapular flap for mandibular and maxillary reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 1986 Apr;77(4):533-545.
  15. Taylor GI, Miller GDH, Ham FJ. The free vascularized bone graft. Plast Reconstr Surg 1975 May;55(5):533-544.
  16. Vaughan ED. The radial forearm free flap in orofacial reconstruction: personal experience in 120 consecutive cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1990 Jan;18(1):2-7.
  17. Urken ML, Weinberg H, Buchbinder D, Moscoso JF, Lawson W, Catalano PJ, Biller HF. Microvascular free flaps in head and neck reconstruction: report of 200 cases and review of complications. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994 Jun;120(6):633-640.
  18. González-García R, Naval-Gías L, Rodríguez-Campo FJ, Román-Romero L. Reconstruction of oromandibular defects by vascularized free flaps: the radial forearm free flap and fibular free flap as major donor sites. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009 Jul;67(7):1473-1477.
  19. Disa JJ, Cordeiro PG. Mandibular reconstruction with microvascular surgery. Semin Surg Oncol 2000 Oct-Nov;19(3): 226-234.
  20. Disa JJ, Winters RM, Hidalgo DA. Long-term evaluation of bone mass in free fibula flap mandible reconstruction. Am J Surg 1997 Nov;174(5):503-506.
  21. Hidalgo DA, Rekow A. A review of 60 consecutive fibula free flap mandibule reconstructions. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995 Sep;96(3):585-596.
  22. Guerra MF, Gías LN, Campo FJ, Pérez JS, de Artiñano FO, González FJ. The partial double-barrel free vascularized fibular graft: a solution for long mandibular defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000 Apr;105(5):1902-1903.
  23. Frodel JL Jr, Funk GF, Capper DT, Fridrich KL, Blumer JR, Haller JR, Hoffman HT. Osteointegrated implants: a comparative study of bone thickness in four vascularized bone flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 1993 Sep;92(3):449-455.
  24. Xiao J, Shi Z, Zhou J, Zhu J, Zhou X, Wang F, Zhang S. Cesarean scar pregnancy: comparing the efficacy and tolerability of treatment with high-intensity focused ultrasound and uterine artery embolization. Ultrasound Med Biol 2017 Mar;43(3):640-647.
  25. Seracchioli R, Di Donato N, Bertoldo V, La Marca A, Vicenzi C, Zannoni L, Villa G, Monti G, Leonardi D, Giovanardi G, et al. The role of ovarian suspension in endometriosis surgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014 Nov-Dec;21(6):1029-1035.
  26. Pergialiotis V, Prodromidou A, Karampetsou N, Diamantopoulos M, Perrera D, Nikiteas N. Ovarian suspension for adhesion prevention during laparoscopic excision of severe pelvic endometriosis and endometrioma excision: a systematic review. Gynecol Surg 2016 Nov;13(4):445-450.
  27. FernandaTrindade FA, Valente AR, Andrade MR, Tannure PN, Antonio AG, da Silva Fidalgo TK. Knowledge and practices of parents and guardians regarding the oral health of children from a shelter and a University in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Brazil Res Pediatr Dent Integr Clin 2014 Dec;14(4):293-302.
  28. Silver DH. A comparison of 3-year-olds’ caries experience in 1973, 1981 and 1989 in a Hertfordshire town, related to family behaviour and social class. Br Dent J 1992 Mar;172(5):191-197.
  29. Kodali VR. The interface of nutrition and dentition. Indian J Pediatr 1998;65:529-539.
  30. Leroy R, Bogaerts K, Lasaffre E, Declerck D. The emergence of permanent teeth in Flemish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003;31:30-39.
  31. Knott VB, Meredith HV. Statistics on eruption of the permanent dentition from serial data for North American white children. Angle Orthod 1966;36:68-79.
  32. Krumholt L, Roed-Petersen B, Bindborg JJ. Eruption times of the permanent teeth in 622 Ugandan children. Arch Oral Biol 1971 Nov;16(11):1281-1288.
  33. Stones HH, Lawton FE, Bransby ER, Hartley HO. Time of eruption of permanent teeth and time of shedding of deciduous teeth. Br Dent J 1951 Jan 2;90(1):1-7.
  34. Nanda RS. Eruption of human teeth. Am J Orthod 1960;46:363.
  35. Eveleth PB, de Freites JA. Tooth eruption and menarche of Brazilian born of Japanese ancestry. Hum Biol 1969 May;41(2): 176-184.
  36. Hassanali J, Odhimbo JW. Age of eruption of the permanent teeth in Kenyan African and Asian children. Ann Hum Biol 1981 Sep-Oct;8(5):425-434.
  37. Shourie KL. Eruption age of teeth in India. Indian J Med Res 1946 May;34:105-118.
  38. Kaul S, Saini S, Saxena B. Emergency of permanent teeth in school children in Chandigarh, India. Arch Oral Biol 1975 Sep;20(9):587-593.
  39. Kaur B, Singh R. Physical growth and age at eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth in well nourished Indian girls from birth to twenty years. Am J Hum Biol 1992;4(6):757-766.
  40. Boesen P, Eriksen JH, Helm S. Timing of permanent tooth emergence in two Greenland Eskimo populations. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1976 Nov;4(6):244-247.
  41. Nystrom M, Kujala EK, Evalahti M, Peck L, Kataja M. Emergence of permanent teeth and dental age in a series of Finns. Acta Odontol Scand 2001 Apr;59(2):49-56.
  42. Folayan M, Owotade F, Adejuyigbe E, Sen S, Lawal B, Ndukwe K. The timing of eruption of the primary dentition in Nigerian children. Am J Phys Anthopol 2007 Dec;134(4): 443-448.
  43. Feraru IV, Raducanu AM, Feraru SM, Herteliu C. The sequence and chronology of the eruption of permanent canines and premolars in a group of Romanian children in Bucharest. OHMD 2011;10(4):193-198.
  44. Singh S, Sharma A, Sandhu N, Mehta K. The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in school going children of Nalagarh, Himachal Pradesh, India. Indian J Dent Res 2016 May-Jun;27(3):317-322.
  45. Amado JN, Sierraa AM, Gallon A, Alvarez C, Baccettic T. Relationship between personality traits and cooperation of adolescent orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod 2008 Jul;78(4):688-691.
  46. Ansai T, Miyazaki H, Katoh Y, Yamashita Y, Takehara T, Jenny J, Cons NC. Prevalence of malocclusion in high school students in Japan according to the dental aesthetic index. Comm Dent Oral Epidemiolol 1993 Oct;21(5):303-305.
  47. Danaei SM, Amirrad F, Salehi P. Orthodontic treatment needs of 12- 15 year old students in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J 2007 Mar-Apr;13(2):326-334.
  48. Onyeaso CO, BeGole EA, Orthodontic treatment need in an accredited orthodontic centre in North America: a pilot study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2006 May;7(2):87-94.
  49. Onyeaso CO, Sanu OO. Perception of personal dental appearance in Nigeria adolescents. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2005 Jun;127(6):700-706.
  50. Onyeaso CO. Orthodontic concern of parents compared with orthodontic treatment need assessed by Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) in Ibaden, Nigeria. Odontostomatol Trop 2003 Mar;26(101):13-20.
  51. Naveen Kumar B, Mohapatra A, Ramesh N, Ravishankar TL. Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need among 12-15 years old school children in Davangere, Karnataka, India. Pak Oral Dent J 2010;30(1):181-185.
  52. de Oliveira CM, Sheiham A. The relationship between normative orthodontic treatment need and oral health-related quality of life. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003 Dec;31(6):426-436.
  53. de Oliveira CM, Sheiham A, Tsakos G, O'Brien KD. Oral health related quality of life and the IOTN index as predictors of children's perceived needs and acceptance for orthodontic treatment. Br Dent J 2008 Apr;204(7):1-5.
  54. Al-Sarheed M, Bedi R, Hunt NP. Orthodontic treatment need and self perception of 11-16 year old Saudi Arabian children with a sensory impairment attending special schools. J Orthod 2003 Mar;30(1):39-44.
  55. Kerosuo H, Al Enezi S, Kerosuo E, Abdulkarim E. Association between normative and self perceived orthodontic treatment need among Arab high school students. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004 Mar;125(3):373-378.
  56. Ghijselings I, Brosens V, Williams G, Fieuws S, Clijmans M, Lemiere J. Normative and self-perceived orthodontic treatment need in 11- to 16-year-old children. Eur J Orthod 2014 Apr;36(2):179-185.
  57. Onyeaso CO, Arowojolu MO. Perceived, desired and normatively determined treatment need among orthodontically untreated Nigerian adolescents. West Afr J Med 2003 Jan- Mar;22(1):5-9.
  58. Jung MH. Quality of life and self-esteem of female orthognathic surgery patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016 Jun;74(6):1240.e1-1240.e7.
  59. Abu Alhaija ES, Al-Nimri KS, Al-Khateeb SN. Self perception of malocclusion among Jordanian school children. Eur J Orthod 2005 Jun;27(3):292-295.
  60. Kolawole KA, Otuyemi DE, Jebode SO, Unweni AA. Awareness for malocclusion and desire for orthodontic treatment need in 11-14year old Nigerian school and their parents. Aust Orthod J 2008 May;24(1):21-25.
  61. Cucalon A 3rd, Smith RJ. Relationship between by adolescent orthodontics patients and performance on psychological tests. Angle Orthod 1990 Summer;60(2):107-114.
  62. Southard KA, Tolley EA, Arheart KL, Hackett-Renner CA, Southard TE. Application of the Millon Adolescent Personality Inventory in evaluating orthodontic compliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1991 Dec;100(6):553-561.
  63. Kharbanda OP. What is the prevalence of malocclusion in India? Do we know orthodontic treatment needs of our country. J Indian Orthod Soc 1999 Apr-Jun;32(2):33-41.
  64. Siddiqui TA, Shaikh A, Fida M. Agreement between orthodontist and patient perception using Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Saudi Dent J 2014 Oct;26(4):156-165.
  65. Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F. Orthodontic treatment needs in an urban Iranian population in epidemiological study of 11-14 years old children. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2009 Jun;10(2):69-74.
  66. Grando G, Young AA, Vedovello Filho M, Vedovello SA, Ramirez-Yañez GO. Prevalence of malocclusions in a young Brazilian population. Int J Orthod Milwaukee 2008 Summer;19(2):13-16.
  67. Nadim R, Aslam K, Rizwan S. Frequency of malocclusion among 12 -15 years old school children in three sectors of Karachi. Pak Oral Dent J 2014 Sep;34(3):510-514.
  68. Reddy ER, Manjula M, Sreelakshmi N, Rani ST, Aduri R, Patil BD. Prevalence of malocclusion among 6 to 10 year old Nalgonda school children. J Int Oral Health 2013 Dec;5(6): 49-54.
  69. Onyeaso CO. Prevalence of malocclusion among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004 Nov;126(5):604-607.
  70. Kaur H, Pavithra US, Abraham R. Prevalence of malocclusion among adolescents in South Indian population. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2013 Jul-Dec;3(2):97-102.
  71. Lauc T. Orofacial analysis on the Adriatic islands: an epidemiological study of malocclusions on Hvar Island. Eur J Orthod 2003 Jun;25(3):273-278.
  72. Zimmermann E, Gamborg M, Holst C, Baker JL, Sørensen TI, Berentzen TL. Body mass index in school-aged children and the risk of routinely diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adulthood: a prospective study based on the Copenhagen School Health Records Register. BMJ Open 2015 May;5(4):e006998.
  73. Singh SP. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the unfolding monster? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 Jan;21(1 Pt 2):199-201.
  74. Reece EA, Hagay Z, Roberts AB, DeGennaro N, Homko CJ, Connolly-Diamond M, Sherwin R, Tamborlane WV, Diamond MP. Fetal Doppler and behavioral responses during hypoglycemia induced with the insulin clamp technique in pregnant diabetic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995 Jan;172(1 Pt 1):151-155.
  75. Patrick J, Campbell K, Carmichael L, Natale R, Richardson B. Patterns of gross fetal body movements over 24-hour observation intervals during the last 10 weeks of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982 Feb;142(4):363-371.
  76. Ornoy A, Ratzon N, Greenbaum C, Peretz E, Soriano D, Dulitzky M. Neurobehavior of school age children born to diabetic mothers. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998 Sep;79(2):F94-F99.
  77. Wolf, A. Developmental evaluation on early school age children born to gestational diabetic mothers. Israel: Hebrew University; 1997.
  78. Mulder EJ, Leiblum DM, Visser GH. Fetal breathing movements in late diabetic pregnancy: relationship to fetal heart rate patterns and Braxton Hicks’ contractions. Early Hum Dev 1995 Nov;43(3):225-232.
  79. Schulte FJ, Michaelis R, Nolte R, Albert G, Parl U, Lasson U. Brain and behavioral maturation in newborn infants of diabetic mothers. I. Nerve conduction and EEG patterns. Neuropadiatrie 1969 Jan-Jul;1(1):24-35.
  80. Devoe LD, Youssef AA, Castillo RA, Croom CS. Fetal biophysical activities in third-trimester pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994 Aug;171(2):298-303.
  81. Dierker LJ Jr, Pillay S, Sorokin Y, Rosen MG. The change in fetal activity periods in diabetic and nondiabetic pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982 May;143(2):181-185.
  82. Doherty NN, Hepper PG. Habituation in fetuses of diabetic mothers. Early Hum Dev 2000 Aug;59(2):85-93.
  83. Kainer F, Prechtl HF, Engele H, Einspieler C. Assessment of the quality of general movements in fetuses and infants of women with type-1 diabetes mellitus. Early Hum Dev 1997 Nov;50(1):13-25.
  84. Mulder EJ, O'Brien MJ, Lems YL, Visser GH, Prechtl HF. Body and breathing movements in near-term fetuses and newborn infants of type-1 diabetic women. Early Hum Dev 1990 Nov;24(2):131-152.
  85. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. I. Early growth patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):91-106.
  86. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. II. Emergence of specific movement patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):107-115.
  87. Mulder EJ, Visser GH. Impact of early growth delay on subsequent fetal growth and functional development: a study on diabetic pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 1992 Dec;31(2):91-95.
  88. Mulder EJ, Visser GH, Bekedam DJ, Prechtl HF. Emergence of behavioral states in fetuses of type-1 diabetic women. Early Hum Dev 1987 Jul;15(4):231-251.
  89. Mulder EJ, Visser GH, Morssink LP, de Vries JI. Growth and motor development in fetuses of women with type-1 diabetes. III. First trimester quantity of fetal movement patterns. Early Hum Dev 1991 May;25(2):117-133.
  90. Aberg A, Westbom L, Kallen B. Congenital malformations among infants whose mothers had gestational diabetes or preexisting diabetes. Early Hum Dev 2001 Mar;61(2):85-95.
  91. Deregnier RA, Nelson CA, Thomas KM, Wewerka S, Georgieff MK. Neurophysiologic evaluation of auditory recognition memory in healthy newborn infants and infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 2000 Dec;137(6):777-784.
  92. Nelson CA, Wewerka S, Thomas KM, Tribby-Walbridge S, deRegnier R, Georgieff M. Neurocognitive sequelae of infants of diabetic mothers. Behav Neurosci 2000 Oct;114(5):950-956.
  93. Reece EA, Homko CJ. Infant of the diabetic mother. Semin Perinatol 1994 Oct;18(5):459-469.
  94. Reece EA, Homko CJ. Why do diabetic women deliver malformed infants? Clin Obstet Gynecol 2000 Mar;43(1):32-45.
  95. Rizzo T, Metzger BE, Burns WJ, Burns K. Correlations between antepartum maternal metabolism and intelligence of offspring. N Engl J Med 1991 Sep;325(13):911-916.
  96. Rizzo TA, Metzger BE, Dooley SL, Cho NH. Early malnutrition and child neurobehavioral development: insights from the study of children of diabetic mothers. Child Dev 1997 Feb;68(1):26-38.
  97. Schwartz R, Teramo KA. Effects of diabetic pregnancy on the fetus and newborn. Semin Perinatol 2000 Apr;24(2):120-135.
  98. Vaarasmaki MS, Hartikainen A, Anttila M, Pramila S, Koivisto M. Factors predicting peri- and neonatal outcome in diabetic pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 2000 Jul;59(1):61-70.
  99. Robertson SS, Dierker LJ. Fetal cyclic motor activity in diabetic pregnancies: sensitivity to maternal blood glucose. Dev Psychobiol 2003 Jan;42(1):9-16.
  100. Accardo PJ, Blondis TA, Whitman BY. Disorders of attention and activity level in a referral population. Pediatrics 1990 Mar;85(3 Pt 2):426-431.
  101. Ornoy A, Uriel L, Tennenbaum A. Inattention, hyperactivity and speech delay at 2-4 years of age as a predictor for ADDADHD syndrome. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1993;30(3):155-163.
  102. Smyth TR. Impaired motor skill (clumsiness) in otherwise normal children: a review. Child Care Health Dev 1992 Sep-Oct;18(5):283-300.
  103. Petersen MB, Pedersen SA, Greisen G, Pedersen JF, Mølsted- Pedersen L. Early growth delay in diabetic pregnancy: relation to psychomotor development at age 4. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988 Feb;296(6622):598-600.
  104. Sells CJ, Robinson NM, Brown Z, Knopp RH. Long-term developmental follow-up of infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr 1994 Jul;125(1):S9-S17.
  105. Vladareanu R, Lebit D, Constantinescu S. Ultrasound assessment of fetal neurobehaviour in high risk pregnancies. DSJUOG 2012 Apr-Jun;6(2):132-147.
  106. Talic A, Kurjak A, Ahmed B, Stanojevic M, Predojevic M, Kadic AS, Di Renzo GC. The potential of 4D sonography in the assessment of fetal behavior in high-risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011 Jul;24(7):948-954.
  107. Bekedam DJ, Visser GH, de Vries JJ, Prechtl HF. Motor behaviour in the growth retarded fetus. Early Hum Dev 1985 Nov;12(2):155-165.
  108. Cioni G, Prechtl HF. Preterm and early postterm motor behaviour in low-risk premature infants. Early Hum Dev 1990 Sep;23(3):159-191.
  109. Seme-Ciglenecki P. Predictive value of assessment of general movements for neurological development of highrisk preterm infants: comparative study. Croat Med J 2003 Dec;44(6):721-727.
  110. Abo-Yaqoub S, Kurjak A, Mohammed AB, Shadad A, Abdel-Maaboud M. The role of 4-D ultrasonography in prenatal assessment of fetal neurobehaviour and prediction of neurological outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012 Mar;25(3):231-236.
  111. Athanasiadis AP, Mikos T, Tambakoudis GP, Theodoridis TD, Papastergiou M, Assimakopoulos E, Tarlatzis BC. Neurodevelopmental fetal assessment using KANET scoring system in low and high-risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013 Mar;26(4):363-368.
  112. Fauser BC, Tarlatzis BC, Rebar RW, Legro RS, Balen AH, Lobo R, Carmina E, Chang J, Yildiz BO, Laven JS, et al. Consensus on women's health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Fertil Steril 2012 Jan;97(1):28-38.e25
  113. Sirmans SM, Pate KA. Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Epidemiol 2014; 6:1-13.
  114. Fauser BC, Diedrich K, Bouchard P, Domínguez F, Matzuk M, Franks S, Hamamah S, Simón C, Devroey P, Ezcurra D, et al. Contemporary genetic technologies and female reproduction. Human Reproduction Update 2011 Nov;17(6):829-847.
  115. Balen A, Conway G, Kaltsas G. Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients. Hum Reprod 1995 Aug;10(8):2107-2111.
  116. Azziz R, Sanchez L, Knochenhauer ES, Moran C, Lazenby J, Stephens KC, Taylor K, Boots LR. Androgen excess in women: experience with over 1000 consecutive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 Feb;89(2):453-462.
  117. Wild S, Pierpoint T, McKeigue P, Jacobs H. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at longterm follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000 May;52(5):595-600.
  118. Hollinrake E, Abreu A, Maifeld M, Van Voorhis BJ, Dokras A. Increased risk of depressive disorders in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2007 Jun;87(6): 1369-1376.
  119. Zawadski JK, Dunaif A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome. In: Givens JHF, Merriman G, editors. The polycystic ovary syndrome. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific; 1992. p. 377-384.
  120. Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2004 Jan;81(1):19-25.
  121. Azziz R, Carmina E, DeWailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, Janssen OE, Legro RS, Norman RJ, Taylor AE, et al. Position statement: criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: an Androgen Excess Society guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006 Nov;91(11):4237-4245.
  122. Lujan ME, Jarrett BY, Brooks ED, Reines JK, Peppin AK, Muhn N, Haider E, Pierson RA, Chizen DR. Updated ultrasound criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: reliable thresholds for elevated follicle population and ovarian volume. Hum Reprod 2013 May;28(5):1361-1368.
  123. Badawy A, Elnashar A. Treatment options for polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Womens Health 2011 Feb;3:25-35.
  124. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No 108: Polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2009 Oct;114(4):936-949.
  125. Thessaloniki ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2008 Mar;89(3): 505-522.
  126. Balen AH. Ovulation induction in the management of anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013 Jul;373(1-2):77-82.
  127. Berridge DL, Winter TC. Saline infusion sonohysterography: technique, indications, and imaging findings. J Ultrasound Med 2004 Jan;23(1):97-112.
  128. Allison SJ, Horrow MM, Kim HY, Lev-Toaff AS. Salineinfused sonohysterography: tips for achieving greater success. Radiographics 2011 Nov-Dec;31(7):1991-2004.
  129. O'Neill MJ. Sonohysterography. Radiol Clin North Am 2003 Jul;41(4):781-797.
  130. Bonnamy L, Marret H, Perrotin F, Body G, Berger C, Lansac J. Sonohysterography: a prospective survey of results and complications in 81 patients. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002 Apr;102(1):42-47.
  131. Lindheim SR, Adsuar N, Kushner DM, Pritts EA, Olive DL. Sonohysterography: a valuable tool in evaluating the female pelvis. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2003 Nov;58(11):770-784.
  132. Lindheim SR, Sprague C, Winter TC. Hysterosalpingography and sonohysterography: lessons in technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006 Jan;186(1):24-29.
  133. Jeanty P, Besnard S, Arnold A, Turner C, Crum P. Air-contrast sonohysterography as a first step assessment of tubal patency. J Ultrasound Med 2000 Aug;19(8):519-527.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.