International Journal of Head and Neck Surgery

Register      Login

VOLUME 9 , ISSUE 2 ( April-June, 2018 ) > List of Articles

REVIEW ARTICLE

Application of Sentinel Node Biopsy to Nonoral Head and Neck Cancer

Beejal Patel, Clare Schilling

Keywords : Laryngeal cancer, Metastasis, Neck dissection, Salivary cancer, Sentinel node, Thyroid cancer

Citation Information : Patel B, Schilling C. Application of Sentinel Node Biopsy to Nonoral Head and Neck Cancer. Int J Head Neck Surg 2018; 9 (2):71-77.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10001-1339

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 01-03-2017

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2018; The Author(s).


Abstract

Cervical lymph node status is a significant prognostic factor for all patients with head and neck cancer. There is still ongoing deliberation on the extent of surgical therapy to offer patients, particularly those who have a clinically negative (cN0) neck. Currently, preoperative examination and investigation [routinely ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)] are utilized for treatment planning and the extent of surgery based on evidence of metastatic spread or perceived risk of occult metastasis. It has been shown that that sentinel node biopsy (SNB) is a reliable staging test to detect occult metastases in early oral carcinoma, and its routine use has been advocated in the UK by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). Sentinel node biopsy can be used in most solid tumors that spread via lymphatics but its application to extraoral head and neck malignancies (other than primary skin tumors) has not been widely reported. In this article, we review the potential application of SNB in new areas of the head and neck.


PDF Share
  1. Essig H, Warraich R, Zulfiqar G, Rana M, Eckardt AM, Gellrich NC, Rana M. Assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis for therapeutic decision-making in squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa: a prospective clinical analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2012 Nov;10:253.
  2. Thompson CF, St John MA, Lawson G, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Mendelsohn AH. Diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013 Jul;270(7):2115-2122.
  3. Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK, et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 1992 Apr;127(4):392-399.
  4. Schilling C, Stoeckli SJ, Haerle SK, Broglie MA, Huber GF, Sorensen JA, et al.. Sentinel European Node Trial (SENT): 3-year results of sentinel node biopsy in oral cancer. Eur J Cancer 2015 Dec;51(18):2777-2784.
  5. Green B, Blythe J, Brennan PA. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for head and neck mucosal cancers—an update on the current evidence. Oral Dis 2016 Sep;22(6):498-502.
  6. Sharma D, Koshy G, Grover S, Sharma B. Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: a new approach in the management of head and neck cancers. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2017 Feb;17(1): e3-e10.
  7. van der Vorst JR, Schaafsma BE, Verbeek FP, Keereweer S, Jansen JC, et al.. Near-infrared fluorescence sentinel lymph node mapping of the oral cavity in head and neck cancer patients. Oral Oncol 2013 Jan;49(1):15-19.
  8. Alkureishi LW, Burak Z, Alvarez JA, Ballinger J, Bilde A, Britten AJ, et al. Joint practice guidelines for radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node localization in oral/oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2009 Nov;16(11): 3190-3210.
  9. NICE Guideline (NG 36). Cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract: assessment and management in people aged 16 and over. London: NICE; 2016. [cited 2016 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng36.
  10. Sood S, McGurk M, Vaz F. Management of salivary gland tumours: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines. J Laryngol Otol 2016 May;130(Suppl 2):S142-S149.
  11. Stenner M, Molls C, Luers JC, Beutner D, Klussmann JP, Huettenbrink KB. Occurrence of lymph node metastasis in early-stage parotid gland cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012 Feb;269(2):643-648.
  12. Wang X, Luo Y, Li M, Yan H, Sun M, Fan T. Management of salivary gland carcinomas—a review. Oncotarget 2017 Jan;8(3):3946-3956.
  13. Armstrong JG, Harrison LB, Thaler HT, Friedlander-Klar H, Fass DE, Zelefsky MJ, et al. The indications for elective treatment of the neck in cancer of the major salivary glands. Cancer 1992 Feb;69(3):615-619.
  14. Gould EA, Winship T, Philbin PH, Kerr HH. Observations on a “sentinel node” in cancer of the parotid. Cancer 1960 Jan-Feb;13:77-78.
  15. Starek I, Koranda P, Zbooil V, Mrzena L. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in parotid gland carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 2006 Apr;31(4):203-204.
  16. Schilling C, Gnanasegaran G, McGurk M. Three-dimensional imaging and navigated sentinel node biopsy for primary parotid malignancy: new application in parotid cancer management. Head Neck 2014 Sep;36(9):E91-E93.
  17. Moreno M, Moreno A, Tome C. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in adenocarcinoma of minor salivary gland. Oral Oncol 2008 Mar;44(3):305-308.
  18. Teixeira G, Teixeira T, Gubert F, Chikota H, Tufano R. The incidence of central neck micrometastatic disease in patients with papillary thyroid cancer staged preoperatively and intraoperatively as N0. Surgery 2011 Dec;150(6):1161-1167.
  19. Henry JF, Gramatica L, Denizot A, Kvachenyuk A, Puccini M, Defechereux T. Morbidity of prophylactic lymph node dissection in the central neck area in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1998 Apr;383(2): 167-169.
  20. Zetoune T, Keutgen X, Buitrago D, Aldailami H, Shao H, Mazumdar M, et al. Prophylactic central neck dissection and local recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2010 Dec;17(12):3287-3293.
  21. Mallick U, Harmer C, Hackshaw A, Moss L; IoN Trial Management Group. Iodine or Not (IoN) for low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer: the next UK National Cancer Research Network randomised trial following HiLo. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2012 Apr;24(3):159-161.
  22. Raijmakers PG, Paul MA, Lips P. Sentinel node detection in patients with thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis. World J Surg 2008 Sep;32(9):1961-1967.
  23. Balasubramanian SP, Harrison BJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of sentinel node biopsy in thyroid cancer. Br J Surg 2011 Mar;98(3):334-344.
  24. Falvo L, Marzullo A, Palermo S, Biancafarina A, De Stefano M, Vanni B, et al. The sentinel lymph node in papillary cancer of the thyroid including histological subtype. Ann Ital Chir 2006 Jan;77(1):13-18.
  25. Arch-Ferrer J, Velazquez D, Fajardo R, Gamboa-Dominguez A, Herrera MF. Accuracy of sentinel lymph node in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 2001 Dec;130(6):907-913.
  26. Rubello D, Pelizzo MR, Al-Nahhas A, Salvatori M, O'Doherty MJ, Giuliano AE, Gross MD, et al. The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006 Nov;32(9):917-921..
  27. Cabrera RN, Chone CT, Zantut-Wittmann DE, Matos PS, Ferreira DM, Pereira PS, et al. The Role of SPECT/CT lymphoscintigraphy and radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in managing papillary thyroid cancer. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016 Sep;142(9):834-841.
  28. Jones TM, De M, Foran B, Harrington K, Mortimore S. Laryngeal cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary guidelines. J Laryngol Otol 2016 May;130(Suppl 2):S75-S82.
  29. Mnejja M, Hammami B, Bougacha L, Chakroun A, Charfeddine I, Khabir A, et al. Occult lymph node metastasis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: therapeutic and prognostic impact. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2010 Nov;127(5):173-176.
  30. Kligerman J, Olivatto LO, Lima RA, Freitas EQ, Soares JR, Dias FL, et al. Elective neck dissection in the treatment of T3/T4 N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Am J Surg 1995 Nov;170(5):436-439.
  31. Dias FL, Lima RA, Manfro G, Barbosa MM, Salviano S, Rocha RM, et al. Management of the N0 neck in moderately advanced squamous carcinoma of the larynx. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2009 Jul;141(1):59-65.
  32. Flach GB, Bloemena E, van Schie A, Hoekstra OS, van Weert S, Leemans CR, et al. Sentinel node identification in laryngeal cancer: Feasible in primary cancer with previously untreated neck. Oral Oncol 2013 Feb;49(2):165-168.
  33. de Bree R, Leemans CR, Silver CE, Robbins KT, Rodrigo JP, Rinaldo A, et al. Paratracheal lymph node dissection in cancer of the larynx, hypopharynx, and cervical esophagus: the need for guidelines. Head Neck 2011 Jun;33(6):912-916.
  34. Yoshimoto S, Hasegawa Y, Matsuzuka T, Shiotani A, Takahashi K, Kohno N, et al. Sentinel node biopsy for oral and laryngopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of 177 patients in Japan. Auris Nasus Larynx 2012 Feb; 39(1):65-70.
  35. Cheng Y, Wang BQ, Li SJ, Xia LJ, Li XF, Zhao DS. A comparative study of sentinel node detection in laryngeal and hypolaryngeal carcinoma by lymphoscintigraphy method and blue dye. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2010,45(01): 42-46
  36. Lawson G, Matar N, Nollevaux MC, Jamart J, Krug B, Delos M, et al. Reliability of sentinel node technique in the treatment of N0 supraglottic laryngeal cancer. Laryngoscope 2010 Nov;120(11):2213-2217.
  37. Li ZW, Hu GH, Lei CM, Zhong SX, Li B, Hong SL, et al. Localization of sentinel lymph node with radionuclide in clinically N0 laryngeal and hypolaryngeal cancers. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2009,44(05): 395-399.
  38. Tomifuji M, Shiotani A, Fujii H, Araki K, Saito K, Inagaki K, et al. Sentinel node concept in clinically N0 Laryngeal and Hypolaryngeal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2008, 15(9); 2568-2575
  39. Werner JA, Dunn AA, Ramaswamy A, Dalchow, Behr T, Moll R, et al. The sentinel node concept in head and neck cancer: solution for the controversies in the N0 neck? Head Neck. 2004 Jul;26(7):603-611.
  40. Ganly I, Goldstein D, Carlson DL, Patel SG, O'Sullivan B, Lee N, et al. Long-term regional control and survival in patients with “low-risk,” early stage oral tongue cancer managed by partial glossectomy and neck dissection without postoperative radiation: the importance of tumor thickness. Cancer 2013 Mar;119(6):1168-1176.
  41. D'Cruz AK, Vaish R, Kapre N, Dandekar M, Gupta S, Hawaldar R, et al. Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in nodenegative oral cancer. N Engl J Med 2015 Aug;373(6):521-529.
  42. Yuen AP, Wei WI, Wong YM, Tang KC. Elective neck dissection versus observation in the treatment of early oral tongue carcinoma. Head Neck 1997 Oct;19(7):583-588.
  43. Vandenbrouck C, Sancho-Garnier H, Chassagne D, Saravane D, Cachin Y, Micheau C. Elective versus therapeutic radical neck dissection in epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity: results of a randomized clinical trial. Cancer 1980 Jul;46(2): 386-390.
  44. Yuen AP, Ho CM, Chow TL, Tang LC, Cheung WY, Ng RW, et al. Prospective randomized study of selective neck dissection versus observation for N0 neck of early tongue carcinoma. Head Neck 2009 Jun;31(6):765-772.
  45. Ren ZH, Xu JL, Li B, Fan TF, Ji T, Zhang CP. Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in node-negative oral cancer: Evidence from five randomized controlled trials. Oral Oncol 2015 Nov;51(11):976-981.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.