Aim: Skull base fractures represent 7–16% of head injuries and mainly affect the active and young population. The aim of this article is to report the epidemiological, clinical, anatomopathological, and therapeutic aspects of skull base fracture in adults treated in the neurosurgery department of our hospital. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive study of skull base fractures hospitalized from 1^st January 2019 to 31^st December 2021. The epidemiological, clinical, anatomopathological and therapeutic aspects of skull base fracture were analyzed. Results: We collected 168 cases of skull base fracture. Young male adults were predominantly affected, with a mean age of 33.69 ± 13.70 years. The main cause was road traffic accidents (79.8%). The Glasgow score was 14 and 15 in 95.8% of cases. Around 17% of patients had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea and 7.7% had CSF otorrhea. All patients had undergone a brain scan. The fracture was located at the anterior skull base in 102 cases (60.7%) and at the temporal bone in 65 cases. Antibiotic prophylaxis was systematically prescribed for all patients. Pneumococcal vaccination was performed in 19.6% of patients. The posttraumatic hematoma was the main indication for surgical treatment. Duraplasty was indicated because of persistent rhinorrhea. There were two cases of bacterial meningitis among the CSF leaks. Two cases of death were recorded (1.2%), the cause of which was sepsis from bacterial meningitis and cerebral involvement following diffuse axonal injury. Conclusion: The results of medical and surgical management of skull base fracture in our context were favorable. Prevention of infectious risks, including vaccination, should be mandatory.

Objective: The present review focuses on the morphological, pathological, and molecular level resemblance of salivary and mammary gland neoplasms with emphasis on the current status of hormonal therapy strategies in salivary gland tumors. Methods: Literature review developed in compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and data collected from PubMed, Cochrane, Wiley library, and other related reference articles. Results: The expression of hormonal receptors was found to be demonstrated frequently in salivary duct carcinoma, followed by a few other malignant tumors like carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (PA), adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). Conclusion: The similarities in the morphology, biology, and molecular changes between the salivary gland and breast tumors form the basis for the detection of hormonal receptors and the use of antihormonal therapies. The novel treatment strategies of antihuman epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (anti-HER2) and anti-androgen receptor (AR) are currently found to be effective in unresectable/rapidly progressive tumors and in multiple tumor recurrence cases for a few salivary gland tumor histologies.

Introduction: Painful thyromegaly is a rare manifestation in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Management is conservative with surgery reserved for pain palliation. Challenges in surgery occur due to bouts of inflammation. Case description: Middle-aged lady of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with recurrent episodes of neck pain underwent total thyroidectomy for pain relief. There were no postoperative complications. Discussion: Surgical outcomes for thyroiditis in literature are in retrospect on surgical specimen concomitant with primary diagnosis. This is a unique case reported about surgery for pain palliation. Authors discuss difficulties encountered in surgery and pointers to overcome them.

A 68-year-old man with a history of recurrent right epistaxis was diagnosed with a case of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive nasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on biopsy. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed an infiltrative right nasal mass with surrounding bone destruction. The tumor was described to be invading the right nasal alar, medial rectus, and lacrimal punctum. Further involvement of the right maxillary nasal process was noted. Immunohistochemistry revealed a lesion with a surface epithelium exhibiting high-grade cytonuclear atypia and conferring positivity for p16 and HPV. After deliberation with the local head and neck multidisciplinary team (MDT), it was decided this case was not fit for surgical excision due to tumor involvement of the eye. The patient was offered a combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy and responded well to treatment. HPV is prevalent in tumors of the sinonasal (SN) tract although, at present, limited information is available on the clinical profile of individuals diagnosed with this condition. We report a peculiar case of HPV-positive nasal SCC and evaluate the current understanding of the disease within the literature.