Windsor AM, Kiell EP, Berg EE, Kazahaya K. Surgery of the Thyroid in Children: Current Trends in Practice. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):57-63.

Jeyakumar A, Lentz J. The Genetic Basis of Hearing Loss: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):64-71.

Otolaryngologists tend to manage most surgical pathology independently as supported by their training. However, superior aesthetic outcomes and caregiver satisfaction can be achieved by routinely involving facial plastics colleagues for reconstruction after resection of pediatric head and neck masses.

To highlight the cosmetic outcomes achieved after reconstruction by facial plastics surgeons in pediatric patients who have undergone resection of a head and neck lesion

Retrospective case series of 13 pediatric head and neck lesions managed at a tertiary care children's hospital over a 12 year period

tertiary care children's hospital

Pediatric patient undergoing resection of a mass in the head or neck including naso-frontal dermoids, neck lesions, miface lesions, parotid lesions where complex closure was anticipated and a facial plastics surgeon was used for reconstruction. 13 pediatric patients were selected in all. The patients were chosen on a case by case basis and there were no patients that refused intervention. There was no comparisson group and no one that withdrew. A referred sample was used as only these patients pre-selected based on their projected reconstructive needs were selected.

The primary intervention was an aesthetically acceptable reconstruction. In order to review the intervention that was performed the information obtained included clinical presentation, radiologic findings, surgical technique used for excision and reconstruction, pre and post-operative photography, pathology and cosmetic outcomes.

Vincent R, Ambro BT, Pereira KD. Facial Plastic Surgery in Pediatric Otolaryngology: Role and Outcomes. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):72-76.

Kavanagh KR, Valdez TA. Deep Neck Space Infections in Children: Has Anything changed? Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):77-82.

To discuss commonly encountered diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Pediatric OSA is a fairly common childhood disorder, affecting 1 to 5% of all children and much larger proportions of children with selected comorbidities. Untreated OSA is associated with deleterious effects on neurobehavioral outcomes, cardiovascular health, and growth.

We discuss several important diagnostic dilemmas, including when to obtain a preoperative polysomnogram (PSG), the relationship between OSA and sleep-disordered breathing, and limitations of conventional PSG-derived metrics. Management challenges commonly encountered in clinical practice include defining surgical cure and providing reliable estimates for families preoperatively, issues related to the use of positive airway pressure, and emerging alternative and complementary therapeutic modalities.

While recently published clinical practice guidelines have provided important standards for the diagnosis and management of pediatric OSA, many areas of uncertainty remain.

We provide a review of current diagnostic and therapeutic controversies relevant to the practicing clinician.

Ingram DG, Friedman NR. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children: Controversies in Diagnosis and Management. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):83-88.

Sajedi P, Shet N. Imaging of Pediatric Neck Masses. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):89-96.

Wasserzug O, DeRowe A. Subglottic Stenosis: Current Concepts and Recent Advances. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):97-103.

Sharma S, Andreoli S, Josephson GD. Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy: Current Techniques and Outcomes. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):104-108.

Isaiah A, Mitchell RB. Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Surgical Techniques beyond Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):109-114.

Isaiah A, Lee KH. Cochlear Implants in Children: Recent Advances. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):115-119.

Roy S, Smith B. Robotic Surgery in Pediatric Otolaryngology. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):120-123.

Chen S, Hebert A, Younis R. Pediatric Sinus Surgery: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):124-129.

The prevalence of pediatric dysphonia ranges from 6-23%. Chronic dysphonia can negatively affect the lives of children physically, socially, and emotionally. The body of literature continues to grow regarding the pathophysiology and management of dysphonic children.

This article presents a relevant literature review of vocal fold pathology leading to hoarseness and recent advances in diagnosis and management. Articles were retrieved using a selective search in PubMed employing the terms such as “hoarseness in children,” “pediatric dysphonia.”

42 articles from the past decade were reviewed that include information regarding the etiology, assessment, and treatment of children with dysphonia.

The care of a child with a voice disorder can be complex and requires a multi-disciplinary approach. Current technological, pharmaceutical, and therapeutic advances have improved the treatment of children with dysphonia.

Worthen M, Chandran S. Hoarseness in Children. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):130-135.

Stephenson KA, Wyatt ME. Neonatal Tracheostomy. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):136-142.

Chang AJ, Mitchell RB, Shah GB. The Pediatric Anterior Skull Base: An Otolaryngologist's Perspective. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(2):143-148.